Elizabeth Fry

Elizabeth Fry Known for:Â  prison reform, reform of mental asylums, reform of convict ships to Australia Dates: May 21, 1780 - October 12, 1845Occupation: reformerAlso Known as: Elizabeth Gurney Fry About Elizabeth Fry Elizabeth Fry was born in Norwich, England, into a well-off Quaker (Society of Friends) family. Her mother died when Elizabeth was young. The family practiced relaxed Quaker customs, but Elizabeth Fry began to practice a stricter Quakerism. At 17, inspired by the Quaker William Saveny, she put her religious faith into action by teaching poor children and visiting the sick among poor families. She practiced more plain dress, pain speech, and plain living. Marriage In 1800, Elizabeth Gurney married Joseph Fry, who was also a Quaker and, like her father, a banker and merchant. They had eight children between 1801 and 1812. In 1809, Elizabeth Fry began to speak at Quaker meeting and became a Quaker minister. Visit to Newgate In 1813 came a key event in Elizabeth Frys life: she was talked into visiting the womens prison in London, Newgate, where she observed women and their children in horrible conditions. She didnt return to Newgate until 1816, having two more children int aht time, but she began working for reforms, including those that became themes for her: segregation of the sexes, female matrons for female prisoners, education, employment (often kitting and sewing), and religious instruction. Organizing for Reform In 1817, Elizabeth Fry began the Association for the Improvement of Female Prisoners, a group of twelve women who worked for these reforms. She lobbied authorities including Members of Parliament a brother-in-law was elected to Parliament in 1818 and became a supporter of her reforms. As a result, in 1818, she was called to testify before a Royal Commission, the first woman to so testify. Widening Circles of Reform Activism In 1819, with her brother Joseph Gurney, Elizabeth Fry wrote a report on prison reform. In the 1820s, she inspected prison conditions, advocated reforms and established more reform groups, including many with women members. By 1821, a number of womens reform groups came together as the British Ladies Society for Promoting the Reformation of Female Prisoners. In 1822, Elizabeth Fry gave birth to her eleventh child. In 1823, prison reform legislation was finally introduced in Parliament. Elizabeth Fry in the 1830s Elizabeth Fry traveled extensively in western European countries in the 1830s advocating her preferred prison reform measures. By 1827, her influence had diminished. In 1835, Parliament enacted laws creating harsher prison policies instead, including hard labor and solitary confinement. Her last trip was to France in 1843. Elizabeth Fry died in 1845. More Reforms While Elizabeth Fry is known more for her prison reform activities, she was also active in investigating and proposing reforms for mental asylums. For more than 25 years, she visited every convict ship leaving for Australia, and promoted reform of the convict ship system. She worked for nursing standards and established a nursing school which influenced her distant relative, Florence Nightingale. She worked for the education of working women, for better housing for the poor including hostels for the homeless, and she founded soup kitchens. In 1845, after Elizabeth Fry died, two of her daughters published a two-volume memoir of their mother, with selections from her journals (44 handwritten volumes originally) and letters. It was more hagiography than biography. In 1918, Laura Elizabeth Howe Richards, daughter of Julia Ward Howe, published Elizabeth Fry, the Angel of the Prisons. In 2003, Elizabeth Frys image was selected to appear on the English ​five-pound note.

Free Essays on Marriage In Victorian Times

Love and marriage- in today’s modern sense when we think of a wedding we often associate these two terms together. We think of dating and boyfriends and girlfriends and experimenting with different partners until we are sure we have found our true love. This was not a luxury that the Victorians had. The two texts that we read, Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice and Charles Dicken’s Great Expectations, both represent different courtship and marriage rituals taken from their perspective time periods. In this paper I shall explore these different rituals within the different social classes represented. Views of marriage and social class in the society of nineteenth century England were very different from views in modern American society. There were two concerns when dealing with marriage in England during this time period. These issues were social class and wealth. Love was often not a luxury that they could afford when mates were chosen. In Pride and Prejudice Austin shows that marriage was not an act of love, but rather an act of survival. Women were often married off to gain wealth and stability in society, while men, on the other hand, married for comfort and companionship and to fulfill the norm of society. The marriages in this story consisted of people from the upper classes. The marriages in Great Expectations, on the other hand were primarily from the middle class. They dealt with emotions to an extent, but were primarily about financial or societal gain. In Pride and Prejudice, Mrs. Bennet wife and mother of five daughters had a simple view of marriage. Her goal was to marry each, if not all at least one, of her daughters off to the man who had the most money and was most prominent in society. Most mothers of the time engaged in this activity to an extent, however, due to the entailment of their estate, this task consumed her entire life. The story focuses primarily on two courtships- those between Darcy ... Free Essays on Marriage In Victorian Times Free Essays on Marriage In Victorian Times Love and marriage- in today’s modern sense when we think of a wedding we often associate these two terms together. We think of dating and boyfriends and girlfriends and experimenting with different partners until we are sure we have found our true love. This was not a luxury that the Victorians had. The two texts that we read, Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice and Charles Dicken’s Great Expectations, both represent different courtship and marriage rituals taken from their perspective time periods. In this paper I shall explore these different rituals within the different social classes represented. Views of marriage and social class in the society of nineteenth century England were very different from views in modern American society. There were two concerns when dealing with marriage in England during this time period. These issues were social class and wealth. Love was often not a luxury that they could afford when mates were chosen. In Pride and Prejudice Austin shows that marriage was not an act of love, but rather an act of survival. Women were often married off to gain wealth and stability in society, while men, on the other hand, married for comfort and companionship and to fulfill the norm of society. The marriages in this story consisted of people from the upper classes. The marriages in Great Expectations, on the other hand were primarily from the middle class. They dealt with emotions to an extent, but were primarily about financial or societal gain. In Pride and Prejudice, Mrs. Bennet wife and mother of five daughters had a simple view of marriage. Her goal was to marry each, if not all at least one, of her daughters off to the man who had the most money and was most prominent in society. Most mothers of the time engaged in this activity to an extent, however, due to the entailment of their estate, this task consumed her entire life. The story focuses primarily on two courtships- those between Darcy ...

Critically discuss the reasons why location has again become a Essay - 2

Critically discuss the reasons why location has again become a critical issue in explaining the global competitiveness of firms - Essay Example However, as part of the marketing mix, promotion has historically been most effective in differentiating one company from another in competitive marketplaces. Place, as part of the marketing mix, refers to â€Å"the location at which the activity takes place, or the distribution channel by which the product is made available to consumers† (Haugtvedt, Herr and Kardes, 2008, p.28). As a means to avoid costs, some companies are reverting back to more traditional elements of marketing by focusing on aspects of place in order to differentiate the business from competitors. Further, place is improving competitiveness in global companies because it improves community and consumer relationships, as well as giving businesses a positive identity in local markets with unique cultural values and preferences. This paper discusses the importance of place in securing global business competitiveness. Customers in many different industries and different market environments want extra value when buying products. This seems to be an evolution which has occurred with the growth of competition and the need to offer incentives to customers in order to differentiate the business and make it appear to provide more value than competing firms. In order to provide this value, companies should â€Å"beautify marketing and gain the upper hand with customers† (Brandweek, 2004, p.25). Beautification of marketing refers to aesthetics and incorporating content which provides perceptions of value from target consumers. Appealing to consumer values related to aesthetics is not an easy task through regular advertising and other visual promotions, therefore markets which appreciate the aesthetics of a shopping experience can be exposed to place marketing. For example, companies which offer household goods to consumers might have a business model which supports stand-alone retail stores design ed with more expensive architectural materials, such as marble or